The History of Blaan Essay Example for Free

The History of Blaan Essay The origin of the Blaan is obscured by the mist of antiquity. Though a people of rich traditional, almost nothing is known about them in view of the absence of ancient records. The Blaans belong to the second group of people who migrated to the Islands between 12,000 and 15,000 years ago. According to the Blaan folk tale told by Fulong, the early Blaans arrived the country next to the To Bali or tiny people. Historians have identified these tiny people as pygmies or negritos (little black) who said to have arrived in the Philippines about 25,000 years ago across the land bridge that was connected the archipelago with mainland Asia. It appears that the Blaans were very much ahead of the Indonesians by almost 10,000 years and cannot logically belongs to the Indonesian type A. The term Blaan, refers to a socio-linguistic group, on the Island of Mindanao, with covers coastal, lowland and highland groups from approximately as far North of Mt. Buluan, to as far South as the Sarangani Peninsula. Both the coastal, lowland and highland distinctions are based in geographical and ecological considerations as will as historical contact with other groups. The coastal and lowland Blaan groups tend to display a much more heterogeneous composition that the more homogeneous highland groups. As such the coastal and lowland groups in the highland are which display a strong sense of culture identity, as will as, more traditional Blaan practice. [pic] HISTORY OF BLAAN ASSOCIATED TO THE LAND. The people come from the land, without the land, there would be no people. The land, comes from the people for without the people, there would be no cultivated land. This is because land to the tribal is as a partner in life-not as commodity, not as a property that is owned and which may be bartered or sold. For centuries, the tribal people have been able to do just this quite successfully, maintaining ecological balance within their territory maintaining harmony with their environment. The traditional kaingin system of farming practiced by the majority of tribal Filipino has kept the soil fertile and has given flora and fauna, time regenerate land, life and power. The Fulo Bato Blaan consider themselves as one of the highland Blaan groups. According to highland Blaan traditional relief and custom, the spiritual entities, who inhabit the earth and the sky, are the true owners of the land for Blaan. [pic] Blaan says, that, the Blaan are like the banana, before a generation dies, new roots appear and grow. They grow up and always grow into bananas. They never grow into papaya. In the same way, each new generation of Blaan grow up with the same responsibilities, the previous generation, the same they never change. Blaan relationship are characterized by the interdependence, while each village has property rights over territorial lands, individuals can take as much land as needed provided that this is not in use at the time when a field is abandoned, the ownership revert to the community or (Banwu) personal property applies to products of own labor and still, house, furnishing, weapons, tools, and land crops. [pic] Many Blaan are very upset about the loss of the traditional lands to non-Blaan groups. Some Blaans believe that the purchase of land is only practical method of obtaining their land from the non- Blaan group, who currently occupy it. BLAAN LANGUAGE: Ani sen aye tana go. La ti fan don ko agtagak go di gamo. Ani sen aye go sol. Benwu fan go tayok di gamo. ENGLISH LANGUAGE: This is my traditional land. I dont want to leave this land. This is my homeland that I will leave to go. The Blaan people have been struggling for the recognition of their Ancestral Domain. The issue goes beyond simply a question of land use. The manner by which the Blaan people relate to their land resources deeply inter-wines with the customs, culture and political practices. Thus, it is an issue of a people life in its totality, and their struggle is an expression of their self-determination to carve their own destiny as a distinct people. [pic] The Blaan people have the right to maintain the distinctive spiritual relationship with their land, water and resources. They have the right to own and develop these. Their environment and their culture and intellectual property must be protected. The Blaan people have the right to control the development of their land. Government shall assist the Blaan people to preserve and protect their sacred sites. The Blaan people have the right to their own language and government hall ensure that the Blaan people can understand and he understand through interpretations and other appropriate ways in legal and other proceedings. The Blaan people value their culture and their tradition. They want to nurture it and maintain it. They want others to respect their right to do so. Blaan ancestral domain (tabi tana) and culture identity must be respected. BONG BANWU.is a big community. It is not only a community of people, but also includes their alnigo or clearing, gumlok or the hunting ground, bolol or the mountains, e-el or the rivers, ritual sites and other geographic and human features, such as burial grounds. This domain is defined by territorial boundaries. In the past, the term Bong Banwu was used by the highland Blaan to refer to a very large village and its accompanying and/ or surrounding land. One village was conceptualized by the Blaan as the residence of one mans family. The name of the familys most senior male was often used to refer to the village and its surrounding area. The locality in which the residence of the Bong Fulong is located is usually indicated by a higher population density.

Set Theory in the Flesh :: Numbers Mathematics Essays

Set Theory in the Flesh The idea of infinity has been around for thousands of years. It it impossible to even conceive of this number or anything that pertains to the infinite. There is always one more. A billion is a fairly large number, 1 with 9 zeros after it. If one counted by seconds without breaks, it would take over 32 years to reach it. A Google, is a number written as 1 with one hundred zeros after it. One couldn't even count the number of lifetimes it would take to count to this number. Yet there are even much higher numbers such as a Googleplex. This number is one with a Google zeros. It would take far far too long to even write out the number. If the entire known universe was packed with quarks, the smallest known material, the number of quarks would not add up to a Googleplex. Compared to infinity, though, this number is as far away as the number one. Set theory is an area of mathematics that deals with inconceivable numbers, and bottomless concepts such as infinity. As it turns out there are many different kinds and orders of Hartmann 2 infinity that were documented by George Cantor, who opened up this area of math for the world. One way of describing these different levels of infinity is with Cantor's theoretical "Hotel Infinity" which is also an Allegory of his work and struggles in set theory. The story is interesting and also explains the fundamentals of infinity. Cantor and his assistant built a wondrous hotel that was made in such a way that there are infinitely many rooms. When he makes this hotel, his enemy Mr. Kronecker, criticizes itsaying that it's impossible and breaks the material of logic and should therefore be destroyed. Kronecker was a real person who criticized Cantor's works from the start trying to get it dismissed as not real mathematics. However, Cantor was able to publish his works, and in the story, his famous hotel was able to be printed in news paper advertisements. When the hotel finally filled up with an infinite number of people, Cantor's assistant didn't know what to do. Finally, Cantor told him to make everyone move from their room to a room that is numbered one higher than the previous one they were in. By doing this, Cantor was able to make room for one more person.

Ernest Hemingway’s ‘Cat in the Rain’

Moya, Jon Enc1102 February 27, 2013 Midterm Essay The story I will be analyzing is ‘Cat in The Rain’ By Earnest Hemingway. The story tells a story of an American couple staying at a hotel, presumably in Italy because of the mentioning of Italians and the dialogue sometimes having the Italian language. Hemingway uses good imagery to describe the room the couple stayed in. He wrote that it faced the sea, a public garden, and a war monument. He goes on to describe the beauty of the garden and how if there was a good weather, there would always be an artist admiring it and painting it.He then mentions that Italians â€Å"come from a long way off† to visit the war monument. He does this probably to show that Italians really respect the monument and what it stands for. It then begins to rain and all the cars were gone around the monument which means that everyone was probably inside. Then story then introduces the American Wife and how she notices a cat trying to stay d ry in the rain by sheltering itself under a table. She says that she wants to get the â€Å"kitty†. After her husband offers to do it for her, she declines the offer and goes on to do it herself while her husband goes back to reading.She goes downstairs and as she passes the front desk she has small talk in Italian with the hotel owner about the weather. I presume Hemingway made it in Italian to confirm that the setting was indeed in Italy. In this time Hemingway writes about the wife’s feelings towards the owner, saying this â€Å"The wife liked him. She liked the deadly serious way he received any complaints. She liked his dignity. She liked the way he wanted to serve her. She liked the way he felt about being a hotel-keeper. She liked his old, heavy face and big hands†.Hemingway used many likes to contrast the hotel-keeper to the Husband. Hemingway makes it a point to have so many â€Å"likes† in that section to show that the wife is most likely unhapp y with her husband because she’s paying close attention to what she likes in a man. After the conversation, she goes out into the courtyard to look for the cat. A maid that was sent from the hotel-keeper then offers her an umbrella. They go on to have a conversation on how the wife was looking for a cat and that it was no longer there and that she really wanted â€Å"kitty†. The story begins to address the protagonist as â€Å"American Girl† now. Most likely to emphasize her increasing childlike behavior stated by her use of the word â€Å"kitty† now rather than cat. The girl then returns to her room passing by the office and feeling special and important when the owner bows to her. Hemingway most likely wrote that to emphasize that she really doesn’t get much attention if a simple bow would make her feel special. Back in the room, the wife has a conversation with her husband on how she wants to grow out her hair.The husband tells her she looks fin e but she goes on to say that she wants to brush her hair, and she wants a kitty, and her own silverware and candles and some new clothes. After saying this, George just tells her to shut up and get something to read. This reaction that George has to his wife is also contrasting with what the wife liked from the owner. She liked the way the owner listened to her complaints and wanted to serve her, this instance further contrasts what she has in a marriage and what she wants.The list of things wanted by the wife shows that she is unhappy with the marriage and that she wants things that are common in every marriage. She then says even if she doesn’t get those things, she still wants a cat. The story then abruptly ends with the maid knocking on the door holding a cat saying it was sent by the owner to the wife. This ending contrasts the actions of the husband and the owner even more than before. There has been much speculation as to what the cat represents in the story.One theor y that scholars and professors have is that her want for a cat shows her desire for a child. [1] In the story there is also mention of a man in a â€Å"rubber cape† passing by the square. Scholars know it isn’t Hemingway’s style to add pointless interludes in a story so they speculate that it could represent a rubber condom preventing the wife from becoming pregnant. [2] In the biography â€Å"Hemingway’s Cats†, the author writes that â€Å"Cat in The Rain† was a tribute to Hemingway’s wife Hadley.According to biographer Gioia Diliberto, Hemingway based this story on an incident with his wife when she was two months pregnant and saw a cat under a table and told Hemingway that she wanted a cat. [3] Cat in The Rain is an extremely ambiguous story and really demonstrates Hemingway’s skill of using very simple items to portray much more complex ideas. Sources [1]   Hemingway, Ernest (1925, 2006). In Our Time. New York: Scribner. [2]   Hamad, Ahmad S.. Post-Structuralist Literary Criticism and the Resisting Text. [3]   Brennen, Carlene (2006). Hemingway’s Cats. Sarasota, FL: Pineapple Press.

The Fundamental Principles That Confirm The Importance Of...

Existential Therapy Ms. Belinda Coulter, Arlinda Blankumsee, and Georgia Green School of Professional Counseling Lindsey Wilson College Author Note Ms. Belinda Coulter, Arlinda Blankumsee, and Georgia Green, The School of Professional Counseling, Lindsey Wilson College.Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Ms. Belinda Coulter, Arlinda Blankumsee, and Georgia Green, Email: belinda.coulter@lindsey.edy, arlinda.blankumsee@lindsey.edu, georgia.green@lindsey.edu. Abstract This document will explore the fundamental principles that confirm the importance of Frankl’s, Existential Theory and Logotherapy. Keywords: Meaningfulness, Freedom, will (as in will power), and isolation to name a few. Holocaust†¦show more content†¦As defined by Merriam-Webster, Existentialism is, â€Å"a chiefly 20th century philosophical movement embracing diverse doctrines but centering on analysis of individual existence in an unfathomable universe and the plight of the individual who must assume ultimate responsibility for acts of free will without any certain knowledge of what is right or wrong or good or bad† (Merriam Webster). Logotherapy/existential analysis is based on the premise that within one’s self there lies the 1) â€Å"Freedom to will, 2)â€Å"will to meaning†, and 3), â€Å" meaning to life†. (Batthyany, Alexander) Meaning to life as it pertains to classic existential theory and logotherapy, is defined by the individual on a situational basis. It can vary based on what is essential to the individual and their well being (Existentialism-By Branch/Doctri ne, The Basics of Philosophy). Frankl concentrates on what it was that drives people to live, and determined that those who survived the unspeakable circumstances of the Nazi camps had been those who focused on the meaning of their lives. Frankl’s psychological-anthropological model addresses the ability for others overcome

Risk Assessment For A Made Up Enterprise - 1829 Words

Abstract The first part of the report proposes the risk assessment for a made-up enterprise. The analysis made with reference to the threats and vulnerabilities associated to the electronics medical records information and the data centers situated in the centralized server room. The main objective of this part of the report is to discover and distinguish the possible threats to the server environment which is discussed in detail below and thereby conducting a risk assessment for the fictional enterprise to provide a resolution on how to secure the data to avoid security breaches. Due to malfunction in power supply at the server room, a fire disaster has occurred which resulted in loss of entire medical records information system.†¦show more content†¦This risk analysis is made to valuate risk in the divisions of technical, operational and management of electronic medical records systems. This part of the paper will offer an outline of the potential risks that could induce harm to the medical records in a distributed ambience. According to NIST, there are nine procedures that involve for risk evaluation. System Characterization Identifying threats Identifying Vulnerabilities Control Analysis Likelihood Determination Risk Impact Analysis Determination of risk Control recommendations Documentation of results Section 1.1 System Characterization In this part, risk evaluation is conducted to identify the system framework of the Medco system. This gives an idea what type of server environment we have. 1.1.1 Hardware configuration Rack Servers, Routers, Switches and network cables. 1.1.2 Software packages The system is comprised with five distinguished servers namely, Microsoft Exchange Server, Domain Controller, Citrix Server, Web Server, and Microsoft SQL Server. Their function is clearly described below. ï  ¶ Microsoft Exchange Server: The main function of this server is to send emails quickly and efficiently. Exchange server is beneficial to users in terms of security features which comes along with the application. This application enables to make sure that the

The Impact Of The Columbian Exchange On The New World

After the discovery of the New World, a new era opened that would come to be known as the Columbian Exchange. With the transfer of plants, animals, culture, diseases, and ideas between Europe and the Americas, good came from the Columbian Exchange which became a possibility after Christopher Columbus set sail in 1492, giving him full credit for this duration. The plants associated with the Columbian Exchange affected the Old and New Worlds by providing success in agriculture as well as technological advancements. First, as explorers came to the New World, they brought over plants such as wheat, rice, and sugarcane. Crops Columbus brought, ones he believed would thrive, grew poorly in the beginning but eventually began to flourish.†¦show more content†¦In addition to agriculture success, new technological advancements came from crop exchangement. New farming equipment , such as the plow, improved the New World’s economy and health. This technology advancement is important because it allowed a large area of land to be cultivated at a time, speeding up the farming process. This enabled towns to be developed around farms from crops being grown at a faster rate and land that could now be cultivated. Another equally important addition to the Columbian Exchange is the transportation of animals. When Europeans came over to the Ne w World, the animals they brought introduced a new way of transportation, a new food source, and a new form of labor. This is beneficial because the diseases that killed the humans, had little to no effect on the animals who were doing well in the new environment. â€Å"Horses, pigs, sheep, and cattle were all European animals that flourished rapidly in the Americas because they were able to reproduce without being hindered by predators.† (Ree, Lauren. Columbian Exchange. March 31, 2006) Although there was not as big of an impact on the Old World, the impact on the New World was enormous. A large example of this was horses brought with Columbus in 1493. They served the purpose of transportation and a force of labor that made it easier on the colonists. Native Americans were also afraid of these animals, so during battles it made it easy for Europeans to win.Show MoreRelatedImpact Of The Columbian Exchange On The New World Essay1570 Words   |  7 Pagesmonarchs. A mercantile system exist when the government controlled all economic activities to strengthen national power. 2. What was the role of Hernando Cortes in establishing Spanish settlements in the new world? - Cortes actions played a vital role in helping establish Spanish settlement in the new world. He and his fleet of about 600 men traveled into Mexico in hopes of finding gold as well as glory. During his time in Mexico he persuaded Indian societies who were rivals of the Aztec Empire, to joinRead MoreThe Cultural Impacts Of The Columbian Exchange775 Words   |  4 PagesThe Columbian Exchange By definition, the Columbian Exchange is described as the transatlantic flow of goods, people, and diseases, beginning with Christopher Columbus’s voyages and discovery of the New World in 1492. (Give Me Liberty!) This interpretation, however, does not give this event the acknowledgement it deserves, as the effects of this complex transaction made a significant impact of the modern history of the world. It completely shaped the world humans live in today, from the languagesRead MoreAmerica Before Columbus And The Columbian Exchange1597 Words   |  7 PagesIn modern America, we often take for granted the natural world that surrounds us and the American culture which is built upon it. 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Firstly, the Columbian exchange dramatically transformed the American ecological environmentRead MoreCultural Impact Of The Columbian Exchange1153 Words   |  5 PagesThe Columbian Exchange brought direct changed that modified the cultural characteristics of many people. Though religion was a weapon of domination, it was food that created a great cultural impact. This paper will focus on the cultural impact that food had in the world, and how much Native American food contributed to the economy and culture of the entire planet. The Columbian Exchange started after Christopher Columbus’ â€Å"discovery† in 1942 of a New World. This discovery lent to the entire Western

Social Work Rationale Essay On Goals And Contexts Sample Example For Students

Social Work Rationale Essay On Goals And Contexts Sample Art in CanadaFFAR 250Social Contextspresented to Mark Mullinon December 3, 1999written by Marguerite Gravelle43206621. When analysing an artwork what is to be gained from considering the social context in which it was created? Are there possible drawbacks to this methodology? Provide clear examples to substantiate your argument. When analysing artwork, in any form, there are often times social contexts in which can be interpreted. Not always does the history behind the painting need to be revealed to fully understand the concept of the artwork, yet it is helpful in determining if the artwork is truthful in its representation. Although in analysing artwork it is likely that there are drawbacks to considering the social context. To illustrate this point, Im going to use the visual arts as my medium of choice. Understanding the social context can be an important tool. An advantage of knowing the history of the painting or sculpture can really enrich our knowledge, being in the 20th (soon to be 21st) century, about some of the social periods from previous times. It can demonstrate how traditions were carried out, how they had an impact on the different social classes. Its a visual teaching aid of a sort. Even in the time period of which the artwork was created can be used as a tool to show how the life was in di fferent parts of the world. It was also used as a hammer in the realist movement to show the upper classes that life for the poor was horrible. The visual arts is the only medium in which the pictorial image creates a universal language in which anyone, regardless of nationality or social class can interpret. The text which is created by this language often creates a context which is left open to interpretation. Contexts are created by the artist, critics, judges, the public, essentially, any one who views the work and forms an opinion relating to it. The contexts stem from subject or content of an artwork, and are usually facts regarding the content. Yet, the contexts almost always have backgrounds themselves, therefore making the original contexts, texts. This will be more clearly illustrated later. The chain is seeming to be a never ending process. There are always more conditions to the previous ones. All context, therefore, is in itself, textual. This concept of all context in itself textual is a post-structuralist strategy. A man named Derrida is a man who has developed this idea that the post-structuralist concept of every statement made, can be interpreted in infinite ways, with each interpretation triggering a range of subjective associations. Every statement has an association, therefore its a sort of domino effect. He also says that no matter how precise a work strives to be, the absolute meaning can never be found due to this never ending sequence. To better illustrate this concept, I have chosen a painting from the mid-nineteenth century. It was painted by a french artist in 1854 named Jules Breton. It is called The Gleaners(figure 1). The gleaners were impoverished women who picked the left-over wheat from the farmers fields after they had been ploughed to bake bread for their families. In this painting there are numerous women whos arms are brimming with wheat. The women are beautiful, healthy looking. The children even seem happy running around playing next to their mothers. There are many contexts which can be extracted from The Gleaners. A major influence would be the revolution in France in 1848. Perhaps the gleaning laws enforced in 1851, even the physical health of the gleaners. For arguments sake, lets take the physical health of the gleaners to show how a statement can trigger other associations. The physical health of the gleaners in the 1850s could be researched in the reports from the army conscripts. The conscrip ts were usually poor men who wanted a secure and stable job. These reports showed that most of the men were of poor health and diseased. These reports can be associated with who was writing the reports, officers? The associations never cease. We can never fully determine what the health was of the gleaners because every context we take will lead to another context. The key point in this image is the womens arms being full of wheat. If I were a bourgeoisie in the 19th century viewing this painting, I would think very little of it. It is exceptional in technical accuracy. It might even be considered correct in the depiction of the way things were. But, on the other hand, if I were a gleaner looking at this painting, I would wonder where this field was that has an abundance of wheat and beautiful the girls looked. The gleaners were poor, withered, weak, and sick. They werent beautiful and were definitely not happy. Also, the gleaners had to collect wheat for a full day, sometimes more, to be able to bake one loaf of bread. It is even published that one of the girls in the painting is Bretons wife, he used his wife as a model. Bretons style epitomizes the contemporaneity associated with realism. He wants us to feel we are looking at real people in an actual place, and, indeed, the young woman seen in profile in his Gleaners is a portrait of the artists future bride. Its not a true representation of the gleaners when he uses his bride as a model. Jules Breton looked at the world and the future with an optimistic eye. Although he painted many of the same themes as Courbet and Millet, his sensibility-his ?social consciousness-was different. Where they saw the poor, he saw ?the humble. His family was bourgeoisie, yet he knows what its like to experience financial troubles. When his father died in 1848, the family plummeted. Perhaps he knew what the gleaners must endure and by painting them in a better light, it seems it was his way of sympathizing with them, giving th em some redemption. Its a major drawback when the painting is subjective to one another. Jules Breton interpreted the gleaners daily work in an ideal way, not a realistic way. So how can the viewer see the painting and not assume that thats how the life was? Breton was a respected rural bourgeoisie, he knew what his peers would praise and what they would frown upon. He painted what they wanted to see. Courbet also painted the gleaners, yet it was criticized for being offensive. Breton painted with a mask on, Courbet, who also painted the gleaners a and was criticized, pulled away that mask. Masking the reality of social and economic conflict in the countryside, the myth projected rural society to be a unity, a one-class society in which peasant and master worked in harmony. Courbets imagery was considered offensive or dangerous precisely because he pulled away that mask. Jules Breton, in other words, was a realist purveyor of the bourgeois myth of rural society. By altering the true image of society is a form of self-deception. Denial is a common psychological defence against feelings of guilt ans anxiety, and there were plenty of signs of it among the bourgeoisie during the nineteenth century. The drawback here is the artists interpretation of the society, whether its truthful to the subject or whether it has been masked. .u82ba9939379ef7ba03065c44c38b5cee , .u82ba9939379ef7ba03065c44c38b5cee .postImageUrl , .u82ba9939379ef7ba03065c44c38b5cee .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u82ba9939379ef7ba03065c44c38b5cee , .u82ba9939379ef7ba03065c44c38b5cee:hover , .u82ba9939379ef7ba03065c44c38b5cee:visited , .u82ba9939379ef7ba03065c44c38b5cee:active { border:0!important; } .u82ba9939379ef7ba03065c44c38b5cee .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u82ba9939379ef7ba03065c44c38b5cee { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u82ba9939379ef7ba03065c44c38b5cee:active , .u82ba9939379ef7ba03065c44c38b5cee:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u82ba9939379ef7ba03065c44c38b5cee .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u82ba9939379ef7ba03065c44c38b5cee .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u82ba9939379ef7ba03065c44c38b5cee .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u82ba9939379ef7ba03065c44c38b5cee .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u82ba9939379ef7ba03065c44c38b5cee:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u82ba9939379ef7ba03065c44c38b5cee .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u82ba9939379ef7ba03065c44c38b5cee .u82ba9939379ef7ba03065c44c38b5cee-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u82ba9939379ef7ba03065c44c38b5cee:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Doll Story Plot EssayAnother disadvantage to the methodology of considering the social context is the viewers own context. A viewer may see different things within a piece of artwork. For example, the critics praised Bretons version of the The Gleaners and bashed Courbets version. Bretons image was pleasant, and Courbets showed withered women and was pitiful. The critics didnt want to necessarily want to see the ?real world so they chose to believe that the women were healthy and beautiful. Now if the actual gleaners were to see both of the paintings, theyd most likely reject Bretons version. Courbets version was more truthful to their being. So, the viewers context is nev er the same. Every different person can explain a work of art by different means, and can take separate routes. Who says that the social context taken from a work of art has to strictly be the content? Context doesnt pay any attention to the visual elements. From the formalist perspective we can look at everything but the content: colour, how the shapes relate to one another, do the forms fit in space, etc Yet another drawback. If the viewer is concerned with the context of the form and not the content, then the context is skewed again. The formalist perspective concentrates on form, basically. The curve of the gleaners backs bend with accuracy. The shadows created by the figures and the amount of wheat that they carry that the sun in setting in the west. We dont know for sure what Jules Breton wanted to convey when he painted The Gleaners. We can assume certain circumstances and backgrounds, but the key word is ?assume. When determining a social context of a work of art its strictl y an assumption and is only one of the many, many contexts that can be derived. Yes, works of art, especially realist works, can give the twentieth century some sort of clue as to what life was like in the 1850s. Yet, we cant take everything we view as the truth. It has to be at face value. If one were to look at Bretons version of The Gleaners and then at Courbets version, we would see exceptionally noticeable differences. So what are we supposed to ?assume as the truth? The answer is we dont choose either one as the truth. We have to look in between and find a happy medium in which we can understand and be satisfied with by either doing background research on the painting or simply not regarding either to be truthful and just moving on. Its very hard, nearly impossible to fully understand a social context for a work of art. In this instance, with the gleaners, through documentation, we can determine which work of art was a little embellished towards pleasing the critics. Sooner or later we have to just look no further along the association line than is absolutely necessary. The vision can get too cloudy if the context wants to be understood completely. There are various and numerous drawbacks to considering the social contexts. The major one, being stated, is that all context is itself textual. Its too hard and labourious to attempt to comprehend the mannerisms and customs of the eighteenth century. We werent there to experience it so we have to be happy with just reading and viewing about it. Then there is the subjective aspect. There are different viewers, different intentions from the artist. Who determines what the message was? Is it the artist, or the viewer? Is one more important than another? Its all very subjective. Perhaps the artist intended one central idea yet the viewer captures another. Which one is more correct?The formalist perspective is the opposite to the post-structuralist concept. The formalist focuses on the form and colour, whereas the post-structuralist is based on concept and circumstance. So there is another way to look at things. These concepts can be applied to almost any art medium. It is not necessarily restricted to the realist period or even the visual arts. Literature is an art form which is easily examined and studied through these concepts. In fact, most of the philosophies and theories have been derived from and for literary sources. It is easy to juxtapose literary sources with visual art due to the visual arts being a ?wordless book. Many things can be said about a work of art without any facts being known about it. But the one thing that I am confident about, is the social contexts in which art works are created are complicated and subjective. BibliographyNochlin, Linda Realism, Penguin Books, England; 1972Weisburg, Gabriel P. The European Realist Tradition, Indiana University Press, Indiana;1982Wendelboe, Karen, Finger Prints1, http://www.mala.bc.ca/~soules/CMC290/fprint/WENDEL.htm, December 2, 1 999